The 2018 ECA ranking scored the best and worst cities for air pollution, transport infrastructure, personal security and cultural barriers for European expats.

Copenhagen, in Denmark, and Bern, in Switzerland, occupied joint-first place, ahead of The Hague, in the Netherlands in third and Norway’s Stavanger and Switerland’s Geneva in joint-fourth place.

Luxembourg City occupied joint-ninth place with Gothenburg, in Sweden. It retained the same place as the 2017 ranking by ECA after dropping three places in 2016 when it was ranked sixth most liveable city for expats.

The most liveable location in Asia for expats was found to be Singapore, in South America it was Uruguay and in Africa the title went to Port Louis in Mauritius.