, the grand duchy was far above the EU average of 13%. The country was followed by Romania (2.4%) and Slovenia (3.1%), while Austria (18.9%), Estonia (21.1%) and Latvia (22.3%) completed the bottom of the chart. Though this means that, in the EU, women still make less than men, the gap has improved, says Eurostat: in 2012, the EU average was 16.4%. 

But this study, which calculates the gap for companies of more than 10 employees, doesn’t mirror the disparity related to the employment rate and part-time work.

, more than half of the gender pay gap in the grand duchy is attributed to a difference in hours spent working. Meanwhile 40% of the disparity is credited to a difference in employment rates between men and women which in Luxembourg is estimated at 6.5%. The average for the euro area is 10%.

Men are more likely to work parttime for education and training purposes (17%) than women (6%), the chamber's study found, while women usually did more unpaid work--such as taking care of children, household chores or adults with disabilities, than men.